The Decision Of The European Court Of Human Rights

The implication of the removal of the decision of the European Court of Human Rights with English court is contrary to a democratic society. Chris Grayling the leader of the House of Commons asserts that some human rights need to be changed. The changes may even be simple little changes to the human rights we have now which is just common sense. Further he mentions we may then be able to avoid the problems that have being experienced since the Human Right conventions became live 6 decades ago. Chris Grayling also wanted to replace it with bills of rights and to avoid the European courts. He states this, as he believes from the past years Human rights have changed and are not the same as they were when they first signed up to them 60†¦show more content†¦The Magna Carta is symbolic of liberty, within the Magna Carta the three men. The year of the Magna Carta was 1215. It is significant that leaders must obey the law with democracy but the government doesn’t alwa ys follow the democracy, such as when they went against the public views when England went to war with Iraq. The rule of law comprises of 4 all-inclusive standards which are the legislature and its authorities and specialists, and in addition people and private elements who are responsible under the law. The laws are obviously distributed, stable and are connected equitably to ensure basic rights including the security of persons and property. The procedure by which the laws are instituted, controlled and upheld is open reasonable and proficient, equity is conveyed opportune by capable, moral, autonomous delegates and neutrals who are of adequate number, have satisfactory assets and mirror the cosmetics of the groups they serve. The tenet of law is structure of guidelines and rights that make the social orders as reasonable as could reasonably be expected. The arrangement of tenet of law is that nobody even the administration are exempt from the rules that everyone else follows. The law making process is democratic, demonstrating checks and balance of power. Parliament enact the laws, but it goes through a long process before the law is passed. There are two different types of laws. An act of Parliament and also common law.

Hod 1000 Mid-Term Study Guide Free Essays

HOD 1000 Midterm Study Guide 2. 28. 12 Tips: 1 Know Lecture 2 Know how they are applicable 3 Know Lemme 4 Take the test carefully †¦50 multiple choice questions a. We will write a custom essay sample on Hod 1000 Mid-Term Study Guide or any similar topic only for you Order Now Underline the important words like: i. â€Å"All,† â€Å"Nothing† or â€Å"None†Lemme * Look for models on development * Models for Understanding Development * Trait Model * Be aware of what the 5 traits mean * â€Å"Openness† and â€Å"Agreeableness† Self Identity 3 things determine importance of Memories: 1 Frequency a How often something occurs 2 Duration 3 Intensity Internal Working Model: The internal working model is how we view/what we believe about ourselves, others and the world. It influences what we expect of and from ourselves, others and the world in general and directs how we respond. It begins to form as soon as we are born and is based on experiences with others and the outcomes of our efforts. An infant that experiences frequent abuse or neglect can develop a negative internal working model that â€Å"says† no one cares about me, I am unlovable, people who are suppose to love me only hurt or reject me, it doesn’t matter what I do or say it is ineffective or not good enough, I an’t trust people as one time they are nice and the next time they are mean. etc. If this â€Å"model† of self, others and the world and how things work is not corrected the result may be a child or adult that has low self-esteem, is overly dependent or independent, overreacts to situations, sabotages relationships, jobs and/successes, gives up easily, etc. Or an infant that receives consistent, responsive, attuned nurturing from his/her caregivers is most likely to develop a positive internal working model. SocioCultural Current ———— Beliefs ——– Goals ——— Strategies Life Experience (affects them all) Beliefs In: I. Self * Concepts * What you think of yourself as a whole * Efficacy * Confidence in what you do * Esteem * How you feel about yourself, as in self-worth * The more esteem you have, the more efficacy you have * Not true, typically in the African-American population; based on discrimination * Strong in-group/out-group bias can contribute to low self-efficacy II. Others 3 Domains: 1 All People 2 Groups of People 3 Specific Individuals III. World 1 Overall Views 2 Explanation of outcomes 3 Making sense of the world, making cause and effect relationships Goals 4 Domains: Physical Well-Being a Desire for safety, comfort and pleasure 2 Personal Competence b Desire for significance and success 3 Relational Closeness c Desire for friendship, love, and acceptance 4 Self-Transcendence d Desire for meaning and a lasting contribution to the world, or whatever you deem necessary e [Mitch Albom (Tuesdays with Morrie) is missing the Self-Transcendence] Strategies 4 domains: 1 Affect Re gulation a Coping with anxiety, emotions 2 Interpersonal Skills b Active listening, etc 3 Problem Solving 4 Task Management Schema * This is how you organize data in the world 2 ways of using that information: 1 Assimilation a Putting the new information into already-existing categories b Always try to assimilate over accommodate 2 Accommodation c When you have to change your schema to fit the new information * Equilibration is * A sense of cognitive harmony or balance * People desire this, to bring (or keep) their system in order. If not: * Disequilibration results * The major impetus for cognitive development; info inconsistent with our existing worldview disrupts equilibration, placing us in an unpleasant cognitive state (conflict, dissonance, inconsistency) Cognitive Functioning Self-Concepts: * Closure * Permanence * Once you figure something out, you stay that way. * Urgency (associated with Permanence) Bio-Psycho-Social-Spiritual Dimensions of Goals MEMORIZE IT | Needs| Desires| Fears| Physical Well-Being| Safety Security| Health, comfort, pleasure| Death, pain, suffering| Personal Competence| Esteem| Power, success, accomplishments| Helplessness, inadequacy, failure| Relational Closeness| Belonging| Friendship, love, intimacy| Rejection, engulfment| Self-Transcendence| Purpose| Generativity, service, God| Hopelessness, meaninglessness| From Lemme Equation for Self-Esteem: Self-Esteem = Self Concept / Ideal Self Difference between Reliability and validity (pg. 13) Reliablity * Consistency or stability over time * Will the results obtained be consistent if the study is done again, or are they influence by some fluctuating factor, such that we cannot arrive at the same findings in all similar situations? * Problems with reliability must be resolved in order to have confidence in findings Validity * The degree to which your experimental results can be applied to external population Terms that connect directly to things in lecture: * Looking Glass Self * Take others’ perceptions of you to formulate your own self concept Generalized Other (p 78) * We begin to take the perspective of society and its values and expectations in judging ourselves; * Basically, incorporating societal standards into our sense of self Erikson’s 8 Stages of Development 1 Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1) 2 Autonomy vs. Doubt (1-3) 3 Initiat ive vs. Guilt (3-6) 4 Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11) 5 Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-20) Related to one’s commitment to occupation, religious beliefs and political ideology and whether or not those commitments have been made after a period of exploration or crisis b James Marcia added the domains of gender-role attitudes and beliefs about sexual expression 6 Intimacy vs. Isolation (20-40) c Developing capacity for close intimate relationships without losing one’s sense of self d Dependent on the existence of a solid identity (previous stage) e In not resolved, leads to loneliness and isolation 7 Generativity vs. Self-Absorption (40-65) A concern for future generations and society as a whole g Midlife transition h Psychological origins are in adolescence and young adulthood i Periodic longing for meaning and purpose that is outward focused and which occurs throughout adolescence and adulthood 8 Integrity vs. Despair (65+) j Integrity refers to the ability to look bac k over life with satisfaction and little or no regrets i Acceptance of death ii Saying goodbye to loved ones iii Finishing the â€Å"race† with dignity k Despair include bitterness and regret over life There is a sense of fear and despair as one approaches m 4 types of Generativity: Articles * Why the Self is Empty * What does Media/Advertising suggest people use to fill up their empty self? – Consumption of material goods – Psychotherapy * Emerging Adulthood * Extending Education * Marriage Late * Increased Life Expectancy The Forgotten Half  · Who comprises the Forgotten Half? Coherent Life 1. Meaningful a. Goal domain: Self Transcendence b. Strategies: Increase Generativity (from Erikson’s 8 stages) 2. Comprehensible 3. Manageable I. Identity Development Lecture Critical Models to Understand Alternatives 1. Bronfenbrenner’s Systems Theory a. In the Middle you have you, then the MicroSystem (tend to be Dyadic); next Meso, interaction between the domains (the way work environment affects your home environment, visa versa); then, EXOsystem (things that influence your microsystems; might not have direct influence though); Lastly, MACROsystem: Society, how it has scripts, norms, blueprints for how things should go 2. Levinson b. Know what the major stages are and their ORDER c. Although, exact age questions will probably not be in the exam d. Don’t spend too much time, initially, on this 3. Marsha e. Diffusion—no commitment, no crisis, not acknowledging a problem f. Fore closure—comittment, but not crisis—you’ve taken a value someplace else. This is the way things are. An uncritical acceptance of a value or belief. g. Moratorium—crisis, no commitment. You’re evaluating beliefs and values you have. If you want to keep them or find others. Achievement—commitment and crisis. You can be critical of beliefs goals and values without it affecting your identity h. 2 Forces acting on you are: i. Crisis ii. Commitment . Understand the characteristics of people in each of those stages; be able to place a described person into one of those stages and know how you can move them 4. Erikson’s 8 Stages of Development i. Throughout a lifetime, each person moves through the 8 stages j. Movement from one to another is based on a crisis or a conflict; k. If not, you get stuck in that stage and can’t move on l. Arguments against it: iii. It’s generalized m. Attachment Styles iv. - —-Avoidant (Detached)——- Secure (Differentiated)—– Anxious/Ambivalent [(Dif)fused]- - n. Stress brings out one of these two undesirable qualities v. Securely Attached-Healthy relationships, trust people but not naive about it vi. Differentiated 5. TRAIT Model p 67 o. Know what traits are generally about p. Collectivism v. Individualism vii. Collectivism-Little individual thought, for the good of the group and not necessarily for the good of the person. Chinese Society viii. Individualism-Individualist Society. American Society ix. Fits into the MACROsystem section of Systems Theory Emerging Adulthood Detached/Avoidant——Differentiated/Secure—–Diffused/Anxious-Ambiv. Family Systems Lecture 1. Life Forces: a. Differentiation: Begin independent, making yourself different from people around you b. Togetherness: Fitting in v. Standing Out c. Pseudo Self-Extremes: Detached, Diffused d. A lot of significance of close and family relationships 2. Family Roles (Chart with lecture notes is great! ): e. Hero, First-Born: Fear of failure; over-controlled f. Scapegoat, 2nd Born: Fear of rejection, shame, Wants to stand out from oldest, Tend to lean to the avoidant side of the scale g. Lost Child-Middle child syndrome, Unable to express feelings, Witness the battle between siblings and parents, Introverted h. Mascot: Youngest, Hides pain with humor, immature, feels inadequate, Instead of withdrawing from tension, they try to ease it with humor, More anxious ambivalent 3. Influences on Family System i. Direct: Parents yell at you j. Indirect: Watching parents yell at sibling k. Reciprocal: The way you affect your parents; influence never goes one way i. As you’re being yelled at by your parents, the way you respond impacts your parents 2 Types of Anxiety . Chronic: Ongoing, Nagging feeling that something will go wrong or that you’re just wrong in general, Produced in family systems with a lot of conflict, Pushes you to either be fused or avoidant 2. Acute: Limited; normal, Will disappear with the not-so-serious situation, Ways to Bind Anxiety 1. Healthy: Exercising, talking to someone, using reflective skills 2. Unhealthy: Eating disorders, physical ma nifestations of symptoms (headaches, stomach aches) Highly Differentiated People: Secure, self-directed, Responsible for self What is a Triangle: Basic way to look at a relationship is a dyad; but when instability occurs, there’s a tendency to bring in a 3rd party. Using them, directly, to diffuse the problem is a bad thing Ways to De-Triangle 1. Emotionally Neutral, Supportive, Active Listening, Facilitating Problem Solving, Encouragement a. Worse thing to do: â€Å"Oh, let me talk to them FOR you. † 2. Active Listening, Paraphrasing, Repeat some of their claims back to them to help them understand, Probing, Asking questions to do a bit more door opening Cognitive Distortions Check Bainey for:  · Listening Skill Clusters  · Barriers to Active Listening HOD 1000 Review Session * Memorization and application * Achieved in their identity vs. centrally attached * How to apply the lecture material * Don’t spend too much time on ageism * Model for understanding development is more important—trait model! * 50 MCQ * Look out for â€Å"not† * Underline important words: all, nothing, not * If talking about mom, maybe it has to do with attachment * Memorize 5 traits: what they refer to. What does openness mean? Don’t need to know all 7 measurements of openness. What’s the difference between agreeable and openness? First 3 lectures, questions * Self and Identity * The Internal Working Model!!! * Socio-cultural * Current beliefs, goals, strategiesactions=Life Experience * Past experiences-3 things determine importance * Frequency * Duration * Intensity * They determine how much previous experiences have a bearing on goals, beliefs, strategies. Beliefs=self, others and the world * Self: concept, efficacy, esteem Concept what you think of yourself as a whole, esteem how you feel about yourself/self-worth, efficacy is confidence in what you can do * More esteem, more efficacy you have except in the African-American population—due to discrimination * Strong in group-out group bias, you can develop high self-worth within group, but negative stereotypes in environment and their impact on opportunities affects efficacy * Others: people in general, groups of people, individuals * World: overall view, explanation of outcomes (making sense of the world, cause and effect relationships, predicting/avoiding events) * Goals=physical well-being, personal competence, relational closeness, self-transcendence. Mitch is missing self-transcendence * Strategies=affect regulations (dealing with emotions), interpersonal skills, problem-solving, task management * Schema * That’s how you organize knowledge about the world. You have to put all the knowledge you’ve taken in * Assimilation and accommodation Assimilation—Putting new info into existing categories * People prefer this/to keep things way they are. Equilibrium * Cognitive dissonance—things don’t fit together—desire equilibration and order * Accom—change your schema * Self-Concept page 82 Out of cognitive function people seek closure, permanence, and urgency * Know the 4 goal domains—needs, desires, fears related to them (physical well-being, bio, pscyho someth ing) * Equation for self-esteem=self-concept/ideal self * Difference between reliability and validity p. 13 * Looking glass self and generalized other –they connect directly to stuff in the lecture * Re-read the empty self People use media, advertising, etc to fill up the empty self, psychotherapy, goods * A coherent life: meaningful, comprehensible, and manageable * Strategies to conduct a meaningful life: generativty vs. self-absorption (Erikson) * Reflection, comprehensible (can you understand world around you in a way there’s peace) Lecture 2 Identity Development * Bronfrenbrenner * You in the middle surrounded by microsystem of didactic relationships (any people you interact with on a day-to-day level directly) * Outside of this is meso—interaction between different domains. Way you work environment affects home environment. Microsystems are interacting. Noisy roommatecranky in class * Exo system—things that influence your microsystems—might not have direct interaction with. CEO and mail room person. * Macro system—society has blueprints * Levinson—know the major stages and its order * Unlikely it’ll be age, but who knows * Marsha 2 forces acting on you are crisis and commitment * Understand the characteristics of people here—if you were given a person as example know how to place them * Foreclosuremoratorium. A big event could challenge their beliefs and they haven’t resolved it yet * Need to be able to move between models * Erikson’s 8 stages of development p. 48 Lemme Throughout life, each person moves through stages * Movement from one to another is based on a crisis or conflict * If you don’t, you get stuck and can’t move on * Critiques: it’s generalized, there’s no general frame for development * Attachment styles The strange situation experimen t * Avoidant—secure—-anxious ambivalent * Stress brings out one of these two undesirable characteristics * Securely attached—healthy relationships/balance, differentiated * Avoidant=detached, secure=differentiated, anxious ambivalent=fused * P. 67 trait model—know what traits are generally about * Collectivism vs. individualism * Operates in the macro system Emerging adulthood—why is adulthood emerging later in people now? * Extended education, marriage later, increased life expectancy, etc. * The forgotten half—who are they? Why are they left, what are the implications * No trigger word for his mom—always been that way means it’s probably a trait Lecture 3 Family Systems * What are the two life forces operating? Differentiation and togetherness * Differentiation—being independent, making yourself different from people around you * Togetherness—fitting in vs. standing out * Pseudo self=extremes. Detached, fused * A lot of significance of close and family relationships * 4 family roles—hero, scape goat, lost child, mascot Lost child—quiet, observant, inwardly focused, sees battle between hero and scapegoat. Goes into it but doesn’t get involved. * Mascot—instead of withdrawing, they try to ease it with humor—probs more anxious * See lecture notes * 3 kinds of influence—direct, indirect, and reciprocal * Parents yell at you, watching them yell at your siblings, as you’re being yelled at the way you respond impacts your parents * 2 types of anxiety—chronic and acute * Chronic anxiety produced in systems with a lot of conflict and that pushes you to be fused or detached * Cognitive distortions! Over gen, mind reading, all or nothing * Binding techniques for anxiety Unhealthy—alcohol, drugs, cutting, eating disorders, headaches/stomach aches, ways you respond to anxiety * Healthy—exercising, talking about it, reflecting, taking a nap, * List of things that highly differentiated people are in the lecture notes * Need to know them! * Triangle * Two people have a conflict and go to a third person to diffuse tension * Instability in that relationbringing someone else in to use them directly is unhealthy * 5 components of DE triangulating * Emotional neutrality—don’t take sides * Being supportive * Active listening * Facilitating problem-solving * Encouragement—resolve within the dyad * â€Å"let me talk to them for you† NO wrong meh * Paraphrasing and probing—repeating back what was said and asking questions * Baney listening skill clusters and barriers to active listening Jesse never calls home doesn’t want to explain grade afraid of disappointing them * Both chronic and acute * Which of these is not a way ppl try to bind anxiety—using drugs, over studying, hanging out with friends, alcohol,, none of the above, b and c * Answer was none of the above– Ladder of inference Race and ethnicity—difference in way Martia’s identity status is organized Healthy outcome for achievement of minority—bicultural achievement—learning to adapt to different situations as a protective measure. Others should embrace equality and differences. Diffusion and foreclosuremoratoriumachievement Categorization and identification * Automatic, based on stereotypes, includes a prototype How to cite Hod 1000 Mid-Term Study Guide, Essay examples

A History Of Religion In Africa Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper Religion in Africa My assignment is to compose about the assorted faiths that are situated in Africa and faiths African-Americans preach. There are many different faiths in Africa because there are assorted parts and states in Africa. Besides Africa and its dwellers have been around for many, many old ages. One ground that there are so many different faiths. The first and most widespread faith I am traveling to speak about is Christianity. Christianity was introduced into Northern Africa in the first century. It subsequently spread to the parts of Ethiopia and Sudan around the 4th century. Christianity was able to last in Ethiopia because of the Coptic Church but in other countries, Islam became more popular. Christian religion was introduced back into Africa with the rise of European abroad enlargement in the 15th century. Christian religion penetrated into Africa on two different channels, the first by the Evangelist St. Mark to Alexandria. From there it spread to take down Egypt and so to Theibad, Upper Egypt and Nubia. It besides penetrated b Roman soldiers and merchandisers. These people brought the Gospel to Carthage where it shortly spread to Proconsular Africa, the Byzacene state and Numidia. Unfortunately, Christianity in Africa was invariably under the onslaught of split and unorthodoxy. Many groups who did this were the Gnostics, Monophysites, Arians, Pelegians, Manicheans, Novatians, and Donatists. These groups divided and enfeebled Christianity. Protestantism has, and still makes considerable attempts to foster their faith in Africa. Almost every state where there is a major Protestant population has taken portion in missional work in Africa. These states are Germany, Norway, Sweden, England, Holland, Switzerland, France, and The United States of America. From Germany, many people of the Berlin Missions traveled to the Orange River Colony, Griqualand, the Transvaal and many other topographic points including the Togoland, the Goldcoast and besides the Zulus. The Swedish are established in the Italian settlement of Erythracea and the Norwegians have an of import mission in Betsileo. The English though, have had a long history of missions in Africa. Some of the more of import 1s are: The London Missionary Society, which was established in 1795. This church was chiefly felt in South Africa with Moffat and Dr. Livingstone. Besides was the Universities Mission Society, which was based in Zanzibar. The Gallic Protestants were successful in the Northeastern Cape Colony, and in the Gallic Congo where the replaced the American Presbyterians in 1892. Lets non bury America though ; the Methodist Episcopal Church, The Baptist church and the Presbyterian Church are all in Africa from America. The Methodists began the settlement of Liberia in 1820 but was merely able to set up a lasting Bishopric there until 1858. The Baptist churchs have missions in Monrovia, Sierra Leone, Liberia and Lagos. Presbyterians are really influential besides. In Egypt about every small town on the Nile is non without one of their schools. In visible radiation of this, you can see that Christian Religions from all parts of the universe flourished in Africa. The 2nd most widespread faith in Africa is Islam. Islam was introduced to Northern Africa in the 7th century. In the undermentioned centuries it spread along the eastern African seashore and into the grasslands of Western Africa. By the twentieth though, Islam had penetrated into the staying parts of Africa. Today, a Mussulman is able to go from Monrovia to Batavia without puting pes on # 8220 ; heathen # 8221 ; dirt. Three stages of Islam enlargement into Africa may be distinguished. The first subdivision is between 638-1050. Between these times, the Arabs spread Islam along the whole Mediterranean seashore, from Egypt to Morocco. In the 9th and 10th centuries though, the enlargement started to hold. Besides there were still Bishops at Carthage, Hippo and Constantine in the 11th century. The 2nd stage was between 1050-1750. One of import thing to cognize from Thursday is stage is that the population of Northern Africa was forced 14 times with force to encompass Islamism and it returned 14 times to its ain faith. The last subdivision of the expansionism of Islam in Africa day of the months to the present clip. Here is an estimation of the figure of Islamic people in different parts of Africa. 4,070,000 in Algeria, 1,500,000 in Tunis, 10,000,000 in Morocco, 6,800,000 in Gallic Western Africa, and 3,000,000 in the Wadai and Sudan. Nudism, Animism and Fetishism are three more faiths found in Africa. Nudism is the worship paid to body natural objects such as the sky, the Moon, the mountains etc. The Hottentots and the Bantu are two such African groups who gave worship to the Moon, the Sun and assorted other objects. Animism is the belief that natural objects, natural phenomena, and the universe itself possess psyches. It can be said that Animism is the faith of a great portion of Africa. The Negritos, Hottentots, Bantus of the South and E, many of the Nigritians and most of the Hamites are said to be Animists. They worship neither fetishes, graven images, nor material images. They believe in the endurance of the liquors of the asleep and the demand of honouring them. Fetishism is the belief that an object has cryptic, charming power and has unquestioning fear or devotedness. Anything may go a fetish such as images, castanetss, figures etc. Fetishism is chiefly found in the West. Livingstone one pointed out that it seems that the Africans seem to go more superstitious as you go deeper into the forest state. Fetishism is practically non-existent among the Hottentots, the Nigritians, The Bantus of the E, The Negritos and the Hamites. Another less well-known faith that originated in Africa is Rastafarian. The major belief for Rastafarians is that Haile Selassie is the life God for the black race. Ras Tafari was the old name of Selassie when he was the Emperor of Ethiopia. Selassie was non a Rastafarian but instead a Christian. Although Haile Selassie was reported dead, the Rastafarians do non believe it. The Lion of Judah represents Haile Selassie because the king of beasts is king of all animals as Selassie was the male monarch of all male monarchs to them. Rastafarians do non believe in an hereafter but Africa, Ethiopia specifically is considered Rasta # 8217 ; s heaven on Earth. Rastafarians are vegetarians and wear # 8217 ; t eat anything that has touched chemicals or comes from a can. A Rasta # 8217 ; s hair ( dreadlocks ) symbolizes their roots, contrasting the blond expression of the white adult male. Although there are more faiths present in Africa, we are traveling to look at a subdivision of African and interrupt down its spiritual population. The Ivory Coast is a really profoundly spiritual country. Muslims represent 23 per centum of the population, Christians represent twelve per centum and Animists boast a bulk of 65 per centum of the population. Thirteen per centum of the Ivorian population doesn # 8217 ; t belong to a faith. In Nigeria, about fourty-eight per centum of Nigerias dwellers pattern the Muslim religion and 34 per centum of Nigerians are Christians. The staying 18 per centum of the Nigerian population pattern assorted traditional faiths. In Liberia, approximately 10 per centum of the population are Christians, chiefly Protestant. Twenty per centum of Liberia is Muslim and about 70 per centum follow traditional faiths. In decision, many different types of faith inhabit Africa. Many of these faiths day of the month back far in history and have a widely respected forthcoming. Much of the African population is really spiritual and few do non pattern a belief. Although many faiths, rather a few of the African population still stays with some of its original faiths such as animism, nudism, and fetichism. Although I did non cover all of the faiths I covered a bulk of the chief 1s and saw that Africans, have been profoundly spiritual for many, many centuries. I am happy to state I learned rather a few things about faith in Africa.